*Manuscript Replication Instructions

*Manuscript text replication 

*Data were collected in Baghdad between December 17-26, 2019, with a total of 301 respondents. Approximately half (54%) were sampled at Baghdad’s Tahrir Square, including the symbolic epicenter of the protest movement, a large bombed-out building known locally as the “Turkish Restaurant” (MacDonald 2019). The remaining respondents were sampled in other active protest locations to include Sadr City, New Baghdad, Dora, Al-Wahda and Karada districts (see SI Appendix for map and sampling demographics).

tab date
tab locale

*At the end of the survey, 92% of respondents indicated that they had felt entirely or mostly comfortable with all the questions we asked. Similarly, the enumerators reported that they felt safe when conducting this study in the field 98% of the time in post-questionnaire response items.

tab comfortable
tab s3

*Factor analysis indicates that responses to these items align clearly on a single dimension capturing a latent variable, which we combine into a continuous index of protest commitment (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.73).

*alpha negotiate concede meetdemands, gen(endurance) (note: this variable already generated)
alpha negotiate concede meetdemands

*We combine all items into a single continuous index (Cronbach’s alpha =0.86) where non-violent self-discipline increases with index values.

*alpha harsharrest beating gas rubberbullets killing, gen(alphaviolencejust) (note: this variable already generated)
alpha harsharrest beating gas rubberbullets killing

*Figure 1

kdensity endurance
graph save g1, replace
kdensity alphaviolencejust
graph save g2, replace
graph combine g1.gph g2.gph
*(Note: table requires additional labeling and formatting)

*The average number days protesting was 17.3 (+/- 11.6 days) and ranged from 2 to 60 days.

sum protestdays

*Before 2019, 63% reported no prior protest experience, 29% had attended 1-2 prior protests, and fewer than 7% had attended 3 or more protests.

sum pastprotest

*Nearly 45% choose an allocation that reflected a bias in favor of a co-religious group over an out-group (or for Christians, a bias in favor of one out-group over another). The remaining 55% allocated money equally between the two individuals.

*gen sectarianism=1 if dgsunni>2000 & religion==1
*replace sectarianism=1 if dgsunni<2000 & religion==2 | religion==3
*replace sectarianism=0 if sectarianism==. (note: this variable already generated)

tab sectarianism

*Almost everyone in the sample (99%) had at least one additional associational membership other than the protest movement itself, which included regular mosque attendance or other religious organizations, political parties, political organizations, as well as labor unions and professional associations.

*gen networks =  mosque + religiousgroup + party + polorg + security + union (note: this variable already generated)

tab networks

*Table 1

reg endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, robust

reg alphaviolencejust endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, robust

*Table 2

reg everyone version##c.protestdays, robust
reg everyone version##c.protestdays alphaviolencejust, robust

*Online Appendix Replication Instructions

*Protest Commitment Index Construction

factor negotiate concede meetdemands

histogram negotiate, discrete percent addlabels
graph save g3, replace
histogram concede, discrete percent addlabels
graph save g4, replace
histogram meetdemands, discrete percent addlabels
graph save g5, replace
kdensity endurance
graph save g6, replace
graph combine g3.gph g4.gph g5.gph g6.gph
*(Note: table requires additional labeling and formatting)

*Manuscript Table 1

reg endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, robust

reg alphaviolencejust endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, robust

*Manuscript Table 1 Robustness Checks

reg endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, robust

reg endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, cluster(locale)

xtset locale

xtreg endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, cluster(locale)

oprobit endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, robust

oprobit endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, cluster(locale)

*Tests for Multi-collinearity

reg endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, robust

vif

*Correlates of Days Protesting and Past Protest Activity (OLS Regression)

reg protestdays pastprotest  sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, robust

*Construction of Non-Violent Self-Discipline Index

factor harsharrest beating gas rubberbullets killing

*Manuscript Table 2 Robustness Checks

reg alphaviolencejust endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, robust

vif 

reg alphaviolencejust endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, cluster(locale)

xtset locale

xtreg alphaviolencejust endurance protestdays pastprotest socialmedia revclosebaghdad sawviolence injured friendsinjured female age education student laborer unemployed income sunni sectarianism mosque religiousgroup party polorg security votegov trustgov main_iran, cluster(locale)

*Manuscript Table 2 Robustness Checks

reg everyone version##c.protestdays, robust
oprobit everyone version##c.protestdays, robust
reg everyone version##c.protestdays alphaviolencejust, robust
oprobit everyone version##c.protestdays alphaviolencejust, robust

*Balance Tests Across Treatment Groups

ksmirnov female, by(version)
ksmirnov age, by(version)
ksmirnov education, by(version)
ksmirnov professional, by(version)
ksmirnov student, by(version)
ksmirnov unemployed, by(version)
ksmirnov income, by(version)
ksmirnov religion, by(version)
ksmirnov sawviolence, by(version)
ksmirnov injured, by(version)
ksmirnov friendsinjured, by(version)
ksmirnov mosque, by(version)
ksmirnov religiousgroup, by(version)
ksmirnov party, by(version)
ksmirnov polorg, by(version)
ksmirnov security, by(version)
ksmirnov union, by(version)
ksmirnov votegov, by(version)
ksmirnov trustgov, by(version)

reg everyone version##c.protestdays, robust
reg everyone version##c.protestdays income, robust

*Additional Survey Experimental Results and Noteworthy Findings

*Protester Violence Vignette

reg revsuccess version##c.protestdays, robust
reg revpublicsupport version##c.protestdays, robust

*Counter-terrorism Law vignette

graph bar pungovviolence pungovkill punprotesters punsupporters punfighters, over(version) blabel(bar)

reg punprotesters version##c.protestdays, robust
reg punprotesters version##c.protestdays sawviolence injured friendsinjured, robust

*Summary of All Variables

sum version date locale female age education employment professional student laborer unemployed income religion sunni ethnicity closebaghdad revclosebaghdad dgsunni sectarianism trustgov protestinfo socialmedia pastprotest mosque religiousgroup party polorg security union networks votegov protestdays main_protests main_iran negotiate meetdemands concede endurance sawviolence injured friendsinjured everyone success revsuccess publicsupport  revpublicsupport harsharrest beating gas rubberbullets killing alphaviolencejust  pungovviolence pungovkill punprotesters punsupporters punfighters comfortable s3
